Extreme heat is increasingly recognized as a significant threat to cognitive health and mental well-being. High temperatures can disrupt brain function, leading to a range of mental health issues, including irritability, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Experts such as Dr. Jace Reed, director of emergency psychiatry at Cedars-Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, have emphasized that the brain is particularly vulnerable to extreme heat, affecting both mental and physical performance. He warned that symptoms like confusion can be early signs of heat-related brain impairment, which may require medical attention if left unaddressed.
Thea Gallagher, a psychologist at NYU Langone Health, further explained that the body’s struggle to maintain internal balance during extreme heat can lead to disrupted sleep, fatigue, and impaired cognitive functions. She noted that heat exposure can increase oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, potentially damaging neurons, worsening existing neurological conditions, and elevating stroke risk. Additionally, excessive heat can weaken the blood-brain barrier, making the brain more vulnerable to toxins and pathogens. Higher temperatures are also associated with mood disturbances and increased instances of violence, especially during prolonged heatwaves. Psychiatric emergency visits for conditions like anxiety, depression, and substance use also rise on the hottest days, according to Gallagher.
Individuals with mental health conditions or cognitive impairments may be more vulnerable to the effects of extreme heat. Certain psychiatric medications can also affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature or maintain hydration. Dr. Gallagher highlighted that some SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) can suppress sweat production, increasing the risk of overheating, dehydration, and even heat stroke. However, paradoxically, SSRIs can also cause excessive sweating in some individuals, a side effect known as ‘SSRI sweats.’ While this might seem like it would help with cooling, it can actually lead to dehydration if fluid intake is not adequately maintained.
To safeguard brain health during extreme heat, experts recommend proactively taking measures such as prioritizing sleep, rest, and hydration. They also advise being mindful of how long days are and finding ways to slow down when possible. With the increasing frequency of heatwaves, these precautions are becoming more essential to protect cognitive health and prevent the onset of heat-related mental health issues.