Colombia has made a historic step in archaeology by recovering the first items from the San José galleon, a legendary shipwreck estimated to contain over $20 billion in treasure. The galleon was discovered in 2015 and has been the focal point of international disputes and archaeological interest since then. This treasure, which includes over 11 million gold and silver coins, along with emeralds and other precious cargo, is believed to have been part of an expedition to deliver riches to King Philip V of Spain when it sank in 1708 during an attack by the British navy.
The recent excavation led by Colombia’s culture ministry has brought to light a number of artifacts, including a porcelain cup, three coins, and a remarkably preserved bronze cannon. These recovered items have been revealed through official photographs, with President Gustavo Petro expressing admiration for the cannon’s condition. Despite the initial recovery, the full extent of the ship’s treasure remains largely unexplored, with its exact location and depth still maintained as a state secret.
Ownership of the San José’s treasure is a subject of significant legal controversy, involving Colombia and Spain, as well as U.S. investors who claim early discovery of the wreck. This highlights the complex legal and moral questions around maritime heritage and ownership. In line with its focus on research rather than profit, the Colombian government has stated that this deep-water expedition is primarily aimed at advancing archaeological knowledge rather than treasure hunting.
The discovery of the San José galleon has also brought light to other notable maritime finds in 2025. This includes the identification of the HMS Endeavour, Captain James Cook’s ship that played a pivotal role in the exploration of Australia, and the discovery of the deepest shipwreck recorded in French waters, which was found alongside ancient cargo such as preserved porcelain. These discoveries underscore the ongoing importance of marine archaeology in understanding historical trade, exploration, and the maritime legacies of various nations.