Artificial intelligence and large language models, such as ChatGPT, are revolutionizing how students learn. These technologies provide instant answers, personalized support, and adaptive learning experiences that enhance engagement and, in some cases, improve retention rates. Yet, research indicates that excessive reliance on AI may undermine long-term learning by reducing critical thinking, active engagement, and the ability to process complex information for retention.
Studies show that while AI can help with immediate tasks, it may lead to superficial understanding and poor recall in the long run. In experiments conducted at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, participants who used LLMs like ChatGPT to research topics demonstrated weaker understanding and generated less original insight compared to those using traditional search engines. The reason? AI often delivers concise, ready-made answers, minimizing the need for active engagement, critical thinking, and synthesis—key components for lasting learning.
Research involving high school students in 2024 further supported these findings: students relying on AI tools performed better on immediate assignments but scored lower on later tests that required recall and understanding without AI assistance. The researchers noted that passive use of AI, simply asking for answers, can lead to shallow learning, where information is quickly forgotten.
Experts warn of a ‘motivation problem’ when learners believe AI is smarter than they are, leading them to reduce effort and process information shallowly. Over-reliance on AI can also diminish opportunities to practice critical thinking and problem-solving, essential skills for deep, durable learning.
Despite these concerns, AI is not inherently detrimental to learning. When used thoughtfully, such as prompting students to critique AI-generated drafts or ask probing questions, AI can encourage deeper engagement and support retention. The key is to integrate AI as a supplement, not a substitute, for active learning and human guidance.
Educators play a vital role in this balance. By designing lessons that require students to interact with AI critically and reflect on what they learn, teachers can harness AI’s benefits while minimizing its drawbacks. If overused, AI may be compared to candy—a tempting but potentially harmful reliance that reduces the value of human effort in learning.
AI is reshaping education, offering unprecedented personalization and accessibility. Yet, when it comes to learning retention, the way we use AI matters as much as the technology itself. Passive reliance on AI tools can erode deep understanding, but strategic, active engagement can turn AI into a powerful ally for lasting learning. As AI continues to evolve, fostering critical thinking and self-directed learning will be essential to ensure that knowledge doesn’t just come quickly—but sticks for the long haul.